diff --git a/src/api/admin/rooms/ban.rs b/src/api/admin/rooms/ban.rs
index 9a96aad96..c24ff7691 100644
--- a/src/api/admin/rooms/ban.rs
+++ b/src/api/admin/rooms/ban.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn ban_room(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<rooms::ban::v1::Request>,
 ) -> Result<rooms::ban::v1::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 	if !services.users.is_admin(sender_user).await {
 		return Err!(Request(Forbidden("Only server administrators can use this endpoint")));
 	}
diff --git a/src/api/admin/rooms/list.rs b/src/api/admin/rooms/list.rs
index eb1a0c9c5..fe7fc0857 100644
--- a/src/api/admin/rooms/list.rs
+++ b/src/api/admin/rooms/list.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn list_rooms(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<rooms::list::v1::Request>,
 ) -> Result<rooms::list::v1::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 	if !services.users.is_admin(sender_user).await {
 		return Err!(Request(Forbidden("Only server administrators can use this endpoint")));
 	}
diff --git a/src/api/client/account/mod.rs b/src/api/client/account/mod.rs
index fac3ca8ab..e666cae27 100644
--- a/src/api/client/account/mod.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/account/mod.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ use ruma::{
 use service::{mailer::messages, uiaa::Identity, users::HashedPassword};
 
 use super::{DEVICE_ID_LENGTH, TOKEN_LENGTH};
-use crate::Ruma;
+use crate::{Ruma, router::ClientIdentity};
 
 pub(crate) mod register;
 pub(crate) mod threepid;
@@ -75,13 +75,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_register_available_route(
 		return Err!(Request(UserInUse("User ID is not available.")));
 	}
 
-	if let Some(ref info) = body.appservice_info {
-		if !info.is_user_match(&user_id) {
-			return Err!(Request(Exclusive("Username is not in an appservice namespace.")));
-		}
-	}
-
-	if services.appservice.is_exclusive_user_id(&user_id).await {
+	if let Some(ClientIdentity::Appservice { appservice_info, .. }) = &body.identity
+		&& !appservice_info.is_user_match(&user_id)
+	{
+		return Err!(Request(Exclusive("Username is not in an appservice namespace.")));
+	} else if services.appservice.is_exclusive_user_id(&user_id).await {
 		return Err!(Request(Exclusive("Username is reserved by an appservice.")));
 	}
 
@@ -111,7 +109,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn change_password_route(
 	ClientIp(client): ClientIp,
 	body: Ruma<change_password::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<change_password::v3::Response> {
-	let identity = if let Some(ref user_id) = body.sender_user {
+	let identity = if let Some(user_id) = body
+		.identity
+		.as_ref()
+		.map(|identity| identity.sender_user())
+	{
 		// A signed-in user is trying to change their password, prompt them for their
 		// existing one
 
@@ -157,7 +159,12 @@ pub(crate) async fn change_password_route(
 		services
 			.users
 			.all_device_ids(&sender_user)
-			.ready_filter(|id| *id != body.sender_device())
+			.ready_filter(|id| {
+				body.identity
+					.as_ref()
+					.and_then(|identity| identity.sender_device())
+					.is_none_or(|sender_device| sender_device != *id)
+			})
 			.for_each(async |id| services.users.remove_device(&sender_user, &id).await)
 			.await;
 
@@ -173,7 +180,12 @@ pub(crate) async fn change_password_route(
 					.await
 					.ok()
 					.as_ref()
-					.is_some_and(|pusher_device| pusher_device != body.sender_device())
+					.is_some_and(|pusher_device| {
+						body.identity
+							.as_ref()
+							.and_then(|identity| identity.sender_device())
+							.is_none_or(|sender_device| sender_device != *pusher_device)
+					})
 					.then_some(pushkey)
 			})
 			.for_each(async |pushkey| {
@@ -241,9 +253,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn whoami_route(
 	State(_): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<whoami::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<whoami::v3::Response> {
-	Ok(assign!(whoami::v3::Response::new(body.sender_user().to_owned(), false), {
-		device_id: body.sender_device,
-	}))
+	Ok(
+		assign!(whoami::v3::Response::new(body.identity.sender_user().to_owned(), false), {
+			device_id: body.identity.sender_device().map(ToOwned::to_owned),
+		}),
+	)
 }
 
 /// # `POST /_matrix/client/r0/account/deactivate`
@@ -266,8 +280,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn deactivate_route(
 	// Authentication for this endpoint is technically optional,
 	// but we require the user to be logged in
 	let sender_user = body
-		.sender_user
+		.identity
 		.as_ref()
+		.map(|identity| identity.sender_user())
 		.ok_or_else(|| err!(Request(MissingToken("Missing access token."))))?;
 
 	// Prompt the user to confirm with their password using UIAA
diff --git a/src/api/client/account/register.rs b/src/api/client/account/register.rs
index 6556fbd43..1f3d17311 100644
--- a/src/api/client/account/register.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/account/register.rs
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn register_route(
 	let allow_registration =
 		services.config.allow_registration || services.firstrun.is_first_run();
 
-	if !allow_registration && body.appservice_info.is_none() {
+	if !allow_registration && body.identity.is_none() {
 		info!(
 			?body.username,
 			?body.initial_device_display_name,
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn register_route(
 		)));
 	}
 
-	let identity = if body.appservice_info.is_some() {
+	let identity = if body.identity.is_some() {
 		// Appservices can skip auth
 		None
 	} else {
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn register_route(
 		// For appservice logins, make sure that the user ID is in the appservice's
 		// namespace
 
-		match body.appservice_info {
+		match body.identity {
 			| Some(ref info) =>
 				if !info.is_user_match(&user_id) && !emergency_mode_enabled {
 					return Err!(Request(Exclusive(
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn register_route(
 		return Err!(Request(Exclusive("Username is reserved by an appservice.")));
 	}
 
-	let password = if body.appservice_info.is_some() {
+	let password = if body.identity.is_some() {
 		None
 	} else if let Some(password) = body.password.as_deref() {
 		Some(HashedPassword::new(password)?)
@@ -140,9 +140,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn register_route(
 	let mut displayname = user_id.localpart().to_owned();
 
 	// Apply the new user displayname suffix, if it's set
-	if !services.globals.new_user_displayname_suffix().is_empty()
-		&& body.appservice_info.is_none()
-	{
+	if !services.globals.new_user_displayname_suffix().is_empty() && body.identity.is_none() {
 		write!(displayname, " {}", services.server.config.new_user_displayname_suffix)?;
 	}
 
@@ -209,7 +207,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn register_route(
 
 	let device_display_name = body.initial_device_display_name.as_deref().unwrap_or("");
 
-	if body.appservice_info.is_none() {
+	if body.identity.is_none() {
 		if !device_display_name.is_empty() {
 			let notice = format!(
 				"New user \"{user_id}\" registered on this server from IP {client} and device \
@@ -255,7 +253,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn register_route(
 		}
 	}
 
-	if body.appservice_info.is_none() && !services.server.config.auto_join_rooms.is_empty() {
+	if body.identity.is_none() && !services.server.config.auto_join_rooms.is_empty() {
 		for room in &services.server.config.auto_join_rooms {
 			let Ok(room_id) = services.rooms.alias.resolve(room).await else {
 				error!(
diff --git a/src/api/client/account/threepid.rs b/src/api/client/account/threepid.rs
index 9bc5b83c8..2da54b0be 100644
--- a/src/api/client/account/threepid.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/account/threepid.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn third_party_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<get_3pids::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_3pids::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 	let mut threepids = vec![];
 
 	if let Some(email) = services
@@ -53,6 +53,14 @@ pub(crate) async fn request_3pid_management_token_via_email_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<request_3pid_management_token_via_email::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<request_3pid_management_token_via_email::v3::Response> {
+	// Authentication for this endpoint is technically optional,
+	// but we require the user to be logged in
+	let sender_user = body
+		.identity
+		.as_ref()
+		.map(|identity| identity.sender_user())
+		.ok_or_else(|| err!(Request(MissingToken("Missing access token."))))?;
+
 	if !services.threepid.email_requirement().may_change() {
 		return Err!(Request(Forbidden("You may not change your email address.")));
 	}
@@ -76,7 +84,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn request_3pid_management_token_via_email_route(
 			Mailbox::new(None, email),
 			|verification_link| messages::ChangeEmail {
 				server_name: services.config.server_name.as_str(),
-				user_id: body.sender_user.as_deref(),
+				user_id: Some(sender_user),
 				verification_link,
 			},
 			&body.client_secret,
@@ -107,8 +115,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn add_3pid_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<add_3pid::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<add_3pid::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
-
 	if !services.threepid.email_requirement().may_change() {
 		return Err!(Request(Forbidden("You may not change your email address.")));
 	}
@@ -116,7 +122,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn add_3pid_route(
 	// Require password auth to add an email
 	let _ = services
 		.uiaa
-		.authenticate_password(&body.auth, Some(Identity::from_user_id(sender_user)))
+		.authenticate_password(
+			&body.auth,
+			Some(Identity::from_user_id(body.identity.sender_user())),
+		)
 		.await?;
 
 	let email = services
@@ -127,7 +136,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn add_3pid_route(
 
 	services
 		.threepid
-		.associate_localpart_email(sender_user.localpart(), &email)
+		.associate_localpart_email(body.identity.sender_user().localpart(), &email)
 		.await?;
 
 	Ok(add_3pid::v3::Response::new())
@@ -138,8 +147,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn delete_3pid_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<delete_3pid::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<delete_3pid::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
-
 	if body.medium != Medium::Email {
 		return Ok(delete_3pid::v3::Response::new(ThirdPartyIdRemovalStatus::NoSupport));
 	}
@@ -150,7 +157,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn delete_3pid_route(
 
 	if services
 		.threepid
-		.disassociate_localpart_email(sender_user.localpart())
+		.disassociate_localpart_email(body.identity.sender_user().localpart())
 		.await
 		.is_none()
 	{
diff --git a/src/api/client/account_data.rs b/src/api/client/account_data.rs
index 7bad9ed89..c46aa0d02 100644
--- a/src/api/client/account_data.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/account_data.rs
@@ -22,9 +22,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn set_global_account_data_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<set_global_account_data::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<set_global_account_data::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
-	if sender_user != body.user_id && body.appservice_info.is_none() {
+	if sender_user != body.user_id && !body.identity.is_appservice() {
 		return Err!(Request(Forbidden("You cannot set account data for other users.")));
 	}
 
@@ -47,9 +47,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn set_room_account_data_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<set_room_account_data::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<set_room_account_data::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
-	if sender_user != body.user_id && body.appservice_info.is_none() {
+	if sender_user != body.user_id && !body.identity.is_appservice() {
 		return Err!(Request(Forbidden("You cannot set account data for other users.")));
 	}
 
@@ -72,9 +72,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_global_account_data_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<get_global_account_data::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_global_account_data::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
-	if sender_user != body.user_id && body.appservice_info.is_none() {
+	if sender_user != body.user_id && !body.identity.is_appservice() {
 		return Err!(Request(Forbidden("You cannot get account data of other users.")));
 	}
 
@@ -94,9 +94,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_room_account_data_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<get_room_account_data::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_room_account_data::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
-	if sender_user != body.user_id && body.appservice_info.is_none() {
+	if sender_user != body.user_id && !body.identity.is_appservice() {
 		return Err!(Request(Forbidden("You cannot get account data of other users.")));
 	}
 
diff --git a/src/api/client/admin/suspend.rs b/src/api/client/admin/suspend.rs
index 478a5d3db..b78c0beec 100644
--- a/src/api/client/admin/suspend.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/admin/suspend.rs
@@ -12,10 +12,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_suspended_status(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<get_suspended::v1::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_suspended::v1::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
-
-	let (admin, active) =
-		join(services.users.is_admin(sender_user), services.users.is_active(&body.user_id)).await;
+	let (admin, active) = join(
+		services.users.is_admin(body.identity.sender_user()),
+		services.users.is_active(&body.user_id),
+	)
+	.await;
 	if !admin {
 		return Err!(Request(Forbidden("Only server administrators can use this endpoint")));
 	}
@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn put_suspended_status(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<set_suspended::v1::Request>,
 ) -> Result<set_suspended::v1::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
 	let (sender_admin, active, target_admin) = join3(
 		services.users.is_admin(sender_user),
diff --git a/src/api/client/alias.rs b/src/api/client/alias.rs
index bad3d75b3..cb355cfd3 100644
--- a/src/api/client/alias.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/alias.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_alias_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<create_alias::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<create_alias::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 	if services.users.is_suspended(sender_user).await? {
 		return Err!(Request(UserSuspended("You cannot perform this action while suspended.")));
 	}
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_alias_route(
 	services
 		.rooms
 		.alias
-		.appservice_checks(&body.room_alias, &body.appservice_info)
+		.appservice_checks(&body.room_alias, body.identity.appservice_info())
 		.await?;
 
 	// this isn't apart of alias_checks or delete alias route because we should
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn delete_alias_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<delete_alias::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<delete_alias::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 	if services.users.is_suspended(sender_user).await? {
 		return Err!(Request(UserSuspended("You cannot perform this action while suspended.")));
 	}
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn delete_alias_route(
 	services
 		.rooms
 		.alias
-		.appservice_checks(&body.room_alias, &body.appservice_info)
+		.appservice_checks(&body.room_alias, body.identity.appservice_info())
 		.await?;
 
 	services
diff --git a/src/api/client/appservice.rs b/src/api/client/appservice.rs
index 806f3bf9b..8011a98b0 100644
--- a/src/api/client/appservice.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/appservice.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use axum::extract::State;
-use conduwuit::{Err, Result, err};
+use conduwuit::{Err, Result};
 use ruma::{
 	api::{appservice::ping, client::appservice::request_ping},
 	assign,
@@ -15,9 +15,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn appservice_ping(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<request_ping::v1::Request>,
 ) -> Result<request_ping::v1::Response> {
-	let appservice_info = body.appservice_info.as_ref().ok_or_else(|| {
-		err!(Request(Forbidden("This endpoint can only be called by appservices.")))
-	})?;
+	let appservice_info = &body.identity;
 
 	if body.appservice_id != appservice_info.registration.id {
 		return Err!(Request(Forbidden(
diff --git a/src/api/client/backup.rs b/src/api/client/backup.rs
index 9f97cb472..4c2501226 100644
--- a/src/api/client/backup.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/backup.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_backup_version_route(
 ) -> Result<create_backup_version::v3::Response> {
 	let version = services
 		.key_backups
-		.create_backup(body.sender_user(), &body.algorithm)?;
+		.create_backup(body.identity.sender_user(), &body.algorithm)?;
 
 	Ok(create_backup_version::v3::Response::new(version))
 }
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn update_backup_version_route(
 ) -> Result<update_backup_version::v3::Response> {
 	services
 		.key_backups
-		.update_backup(body.sender_user(), &body.version, &body.algorithm)
+		.update_backup(body.identity.sender_user(), &body.version, &body.algorithm)
 		.await?;
 
 	Ok(update_backup_version::v3::Response::new())
@@ -55,11 +55,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_latest_backup_info_route(
 ) -> Result<get_latest_backup_info::v3::Response> {
 	let (version, algorithm) = services
 		.key_backups
-		.get_latest_backup(body.sender_user())
+		.get_latest_backup(body.identity.sender_user())
 		.await
 		.map_err(|_| err!(Request(NotFound("Key backup does not exist."))))?;
 
-	let (count, etag) = get_count_etag(&services, body.sender_user(), &version).await;
+	let (count, etag) = get_count_etag(&services, body.identity.sender_user(), &version).await;
 
 	Ok(get_latest_backup_info::v3::Response::new(algorithm, count, etag, version))
 }
@@ -73,13 +73,14 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_backup_info_route(
 ) -> Result<get_backup_info::v3::Response> {
 	let algorithm = services
 		.key_backups
-		.get_backup(body.sender_user(), &body.version)
+		.get_backup(body.identity.sender_user(), &body.version)
 		.await
 		.map_err(|_| {
 			err!(Request(NotFound("Key backup does not exist at version {:?}", body.version)))
 		})?;
 
-	let (count, etag) = get_count_etag(&services, body.sender_user(), &body.version).await;
+	let (count, etag) =
+		get_count_etag(&services, body.identity.sender_user(), &body.version).await;
 
 	Ok(get_backup_info::v3::Response::new(algorithm, count, etag, body.version.clone()))
 }
@@ -96,7 +97,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn delete_backup_version_route(
 ) -> Result<delete_backup_version::v3::Response> {
 	services
 		.key_backups
-		.delete_backup(body.sender_user(), &body.version)
+		.delete_backup(body.identity.sender_user(), &body.version)
 		.await;
 
 	Ok(delete_backup_version::v3::Response::new())
@@ -116,7 +117,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn add_backup_keys_route(
 ) -> Result<add_backup_keys::v3::Response> {
 	if services
 		.key_backups
-		.get_latest_backup_version(body.sender_user())
+		.get_latest_backup_version(body.identity.sender_user())
 		.await
 		.is_ok_and(|version| version != body.version)
 	{
@@ -129,12 +130,19 @@ pub(crate) async fn add_backup_keys_route(
 		for (session_id, key_data) in &room.sessions {
 			services
 				.key_backups
-				.add_key(body.sender_user(), &body.version, room_id, session_id, key_data)
+				.add_key(
+					body.identity.sender_user(),
+					&body.version,
+					room_id,
+					session_id,
+					key_data,
+				)
 				.await?;
 		}
 	}
 
-	let (count, etag) = get_count_etag(&services, body.sender_user(), &body.version).await;
+	let (count, etag) =
+		get_count_etag(&services, body.identity.sender_user(), &body.version).await;
 
 	Ok(add_backup_keys::v3::Response::new(etag, count))
 }
@@ -153,7 +161,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn add_backup_keys_for_room_route(
 ) -> Result<add_backup_keys_for_room::v3::Response> {
 	if services
 		.key_backups
-		.get_latest_backup_version(body.sender_user())
+		.get_latest_backup_version(body.identity.sender_user())
 		.await
 		.is_ok_and(|version| version != body.version)
 	{
@@ -165,11 +173,18 @@ pub(crate) async fn add_backup_keys_for_room_route(
 	for (session_id, key_data) in &body.sessions {
 		services
 			.key_backups
-			.add_key(body.sender_user(), &body.version, &body.room_id, session_id, key_data)
+			.add_key(
+				body.identity.sender_user(),
+				&body.version,
+				&body.room_id,
+				session_id,
+				key_data,
+			)
 			.await?;
 	}
 
-	let (count, etag) = get_count_etag(&services, body.sender_user(), &body.version).await;
+	let (count, etag) =
+		get_count_etag(&services, body.identity.sender_user(), &body.version).await;
 
 	Ok(add_backup_keys_for_room::v3::Response::new(etag, count))
 }
@@ -188,7 +203,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn add_backup_keys_for_session_route(
 ) -> Result<add_backup_keys_for_session::v3::Response> {
 	if services
 		.key_backups
-		.get_latest_backup_version(body.sender_user())
+		.get_latest_backup_version(body.identity.sender_user())
 		.await
 		.is_ok_and(|version| version != body.version)
 	{
@@ -201,7 +216,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn add_backup_keys_for_session_route(
 	let mut ok_to_replace = true;
 	if let Some(old_key) = &services
 		.key_backups
-		.get_session(body.sender_user(), &body.version, &body.room_id, &body.session_id)
+		.get_session(body.identity.sender_user(), &body.version, &body.room_id, &body.session_id)
 		.await
 		.ok()
 	{
@@ -260,7 +275,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn add_backup_keys_for_session_route(
 		services
 			.key_backups
 			.add_key(
-				body.sender_user(),
+				body.identity.sender_user(),
 				&body.version,
 				&body.room_id,
 				&body.session_id,
@@ -269,7 +284,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn add_backup_keys_for_session_route(
 			.await?;
 	}
 
-	let (count, etag) = get_count_etag(&services, body.sender_user(), &body.version).await;
+	let (count, etag) =
+		get_count_etag(&services, body.identity.sender_user(), &body.version).await;
 
 	Ok(add_backup_keys_for_session::v3::Response::new(etag, count))
 }
@@ -283,7 +299,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_backup_keys_route(
 ) -> Result<get_backup_keys::v3::Response> {
 	let rooms = services
 		.key_backups
-		.get_all(body.sender_user(), &body.version)
+		.get_all(body.identity.sender_user(), &body.version)
 		.await;
 
 	Ok(get_backup_keys::v3::Response::new(rooms))
@@ -298,7 +314,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_backup_keys_for_room_route(
 ) -> Result<get_backup_keys_for_room::v3::Response> {
 	let sessions = services
 		.key_backups
-		.get_room(body.sender_user(), &body.version, &body.room_id)
+		.get_room(body.identity.sender_user(), &body.version, &body.room_id)
 		.await;
 
 	Ok(get_backup_keys_for_room::v3::Response::new(sessions))
@@ -313,7 +329,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_backup_keys_for_session_route(
 ) -> Result<get_backup_keys_for_session::v3::Response> {
 	let key_data = services
 		.key_backups
-		.get_session(body.sender_user(), &body.version, &body.room_id, &body.session_id)
+		.get_session(body.identity.sender_user(), &body.version, &body.room_id, &body.session_id)
 		.await
 		.map_err(|_| {
 			err!(Request(NotFound(debug_error!("Backup key not found for this user's session."))))
@@ -331,10 +347,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn delete_backup_keys_route(
 ) -> Result<delete_backup_keys::v3::Response> {
 	services
 		.key_backups
-		.delete_all_keys(body.sender_user(), &body.version)
+		.delete_all_keys(body.identity.sender_user(), &body.version)
 		.await;
 
-	let (count, etag) = get_count_etag(&services, body.sender_user(), &body.version).await;
+	let (count, etag) =
+		get_count_etag(&services, body.identity.sender_user(), &body.version).await;
 
 	Ok(delete_backup_keys::v3::Response::new(etag, count))
 }
@@ -348,10 +365,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn delete_backup_keys_for_room_route(
 ) -> Result<delete_backup_keys_for_room::v3::Response> {
 	services
 		.key_backups
-		.delete_room_keys(body.sender_user(), &body.version, &body.room_id)
+		.delete_room_keys(body.identity.sender_user(), &body.version, &body.room_id)
 		.await;
 
-	let (count, etag) = get_count_etag(&services, body.sender_user(), &body.version).await;
+	let (count, etag) =
+		get_count_etag(&services, body.identity.sender_user(), &body.version).await;
 
 	Ok(delete_backup_keys_for_room::v3::Response::new(etag, count))
 }
@@ -365,10 +383,16 @@ pub(crate) async fn delete_backup_keys_for_session_route(
 ) -> Result<delete_backup_keys_for_session::v3::Response> {
 	services
 		.key_backups
-		.delete_room_key(body.sender_user(), &body.version, &body.room_id, &body.session_id)
+		.delete_room_key(
+			body.identity.sender_user(),
+			&body.version,
+			&body.room_id,
+			&body.session_id,
+		)
 		.await;
 
-	let (count, etag) = get_count_etag(&services, body.sender_user(), &body.version).await;
+	let (count, etag) =
+		get_count_etag(&services, body.identity.sender_user(), &body.version).await;
 
 	Ok(delete_backup_keys_for_session::v3::Response::new(etag, count))
 }
diff --git a/src/api/client/capabilities.rs b/src/api/client/capabilities.rs
index 5f3cabe49..0a88790e3 100644
--- a/src/api/client/capabilities.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/capabilities.rs
@@ -48,11 +48,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_capabilities_route(
 		json!({"enabled": services.config.forget_forced_upon_leave}),
 	)?;
 
-	if services
-		.users
-		.is_admin(body.sender_user.as_ref().unwrap())
-		.await
-	{
+	if services.users.is_admin(body.identity.sender_user()).await {
 		// Advertise suspension API
 		capabilities.set("uk.timedout.msc4323", json!({"suspend": true, "lock": false}))?;
 	}
diff --git a/src/api/client/context.rs b/src/api/client/context.rs
index 14f540dac..f47432732 100644
--- a/src/api/client/context.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/context.rs
@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_context_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<get_context::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_context::v3::Response> {
-	let sender = body.sender();
-	let (sender_user, sender_device) = sender;
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
+	let sender_device = body.identity.sender_device();
 	let room_id = &body.room_id;
 	let event_id = &body.event_id;
 	let filter = &body.filter;
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_context_route(
 
 	let lazy_loading_context = lazy_loading::Context {
 		user_id: sender_user,
-		device_id: Some(sender_device),
+		device_id: sender_device,
 		room_id,
 		token: Some(base_count.into_unsigned()),
 		options: Some(&filter.lazy_load_options),
diff --git a/src/api/client/dehydrated_device.rs b/src/api/client/dehydrated_device.rs
index 44d0654a1..a02aef537 100644
--- a/src/api/client/dehydrated_device.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/dehydrated_device.rs
@@ -25,16 +25,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn put_dehydrated_device_route(
 	ClientIp(client): ClientIp,
 	body: Ruma<put_dehydrated_device::Request>,
 ) -> Result<put_dehydrated_device::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body
-		.sender_user
-		.as_deref()
-		.expect("AccessToken authentication required");
-
-	let device_id = body.body.device_id.clone();
+	let device_id = body.device_id.clone();
 
 	services
 		.users
-		.set_dehydrated_device(sender_user, body.body)
+		.set_dehydrated_device(body.identity.sender_user(), body.body)
 		.await?;
 
 	Ok(put_dehydrated_device::Response::new(device_id))
@@ -49,7 +44,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn delete_dehydrated_device_route(
 	ClientIp(client): ClientIp,
 	body: Ruma<delete_dehydrated_device::Request>,
 ) -> Result<delete_dehydrated_device::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
 	let device_id = services.users.get_dehydrated_device_id(sender_user).await?;
 
@@ -67,7 +62,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_dehydrated_device_route(
 	ClientIp(client): ClientIp,
 	body: Ruma<get_dehydrated_device::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_dehydrated_device::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
 	let device = services.users.get_dehydrated_device(sender_user).await?;
 
@@ -83,7 +78,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_dehydrated_events_route(
 	ClientIp(client): ClientIp,
 	body: Ruma<get_events::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_events::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
 	let device_id = &body.body.device_id;
 	let existing_id = services.users.get_dehydrated_device_id(sender_user).await;
diff --git a/src/api/client/device.rs b/src/api/client/device.rs
index c51190f8b..bbfa4e2cc 100644
--- a/src/api/client/device.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/device.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_devices_route(
 ) -> Result<get_devices::v3::Response> {
 	let devices: Vec<device::Device> = services
 		.users
-		.all_devices_metadata(body.sender_user())
+		.all_devices_metadata(body.identity.sender_user())
 		.collect()
 		.await;
 
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_device_route(
 ) -> Result<get_device::v3::Response> {
 	let device = services
 		.users
-		.get_device_metadata(body.sender_user(), &body.body.device_id)
+		.get_device_metadata(body.identity.sender_user(), &body.body.device_id)
 		.await
 		.map_err(|_| err!(Request(NotFound("Device not found."))))?;
 
@@ -53,8 +53,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn update_device_route(
 	ClientIp(client): ClientIp,
 	body: Ruma<update_device::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<update_device::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
-	let appservice = body.appservice_info.as_ref();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
+	let appservice = body.identity.appservice_info();
 
 	match services
 		.users
@@ -118,8 +118,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn delete_device_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<delete_device::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<delete_device::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
-	let appservice = body.appservice_info.as_ref();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
+	let appservice = body.identity.appservice_info();
 
 	// Appservices get to skip UIAA for this endpoint
 	if appservice.is_none() {
@@ -154,8 +154,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn delete_devices_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<delete_devices::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<delete_devices::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
-	let appservice = body.appservice_info.as_ref();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
+	let appservice = body.identity.appservice_info();
 
 	// Appservices get to skip UIAA for this endpoint
 	if appservice.is_none() {
diff --git a/src/api/client/directory.rs b/src/api/client/directory.rs
index f4dff5049..7c07679f6 100644
--- a/src/api/client/directory.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/directory.rs
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn set_room_visibility_route(
 	ClientIp(client): ClientIp,
 	body: Ruma<set_room_visibility::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<set_room_visibility::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
 	if !services.rooms.metadata.exists(&body.room_id).await {
 		// Return 404 if the room doesn't exist
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn set_room_visibility_route(
 		| room::Visibility::Public => {
 			if services.server.config.lockdown_public_room_directory
 				&& !services.users.is_admin(sender_user).await
-				&& body.appservice_info.is_none()
+				&& !body.identity.is_appservice()
 			{
 				info!(
 					"Non-admin user {sender_user} tried to publish {0} to the room directory \
diff --git a/src/api/client/filter.rs b/src/api/client/filter.rs
index 9814d3667..1d1a4b996 100644
--- a/src/api/client/filter.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/filter.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_filter_route(
 ) -> Result<get_filter::v3::Response> {
 	services
 		.users
-		.get_filter(body.sender_user(), &body.filter_id)
+		.get_filter(body.identity.sender_user(), &body.filter_id)
 		.await
 		.map(get_filter::v3::Response::new)
 		.map_err(|_| err!(Request(NotFound("Filter not found."))))
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_filter_route(
 ) -> Result<create_filter::v3::Response> {
 	let filter_id = services
 		.users
-		.create_filter(body.sender_user(), &body.filter);
+		.create_filter(body.identity.sender_user(), &body.filter);
 
 	Ok(create_filter::v3::Response::new(filter_id))
 }
diff --git a/src/api/client/keys.rs b/src/api/client/keys.rs
index bc05ee9db..60db77995 100644
--- a/src/api/client/keys.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/keys.rs
@@ -41,7 +41,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn upload_keys_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<upload_keys::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<upload_keys::v3::Response> {
-	let (sender_user, sender_device) = body.sender();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
+	let sender_device = body.identity.expect_sender_device()?;
 
 	for (key_id, one_time_key) in &body.one_time_keys {
 		if one_time_key
@@ -154,7 +155,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_keys_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<get_keys::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_keys::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
 	get_keys_helper(
 		&services,
@@ -191,7 +192,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn upload_signing_keys_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<upload_signing_keys::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<upload_signing_keys::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
 	if uiaa_needed_to_upload_keys(
 		services,
@@ -287,7 +288,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn upload_signatures_route(
 		return Ok(upload_signatures::v3::Response::new());
 	}
 
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
 	for (user_id, keys) in &body.signed_keys {
 		for (key_id, key) in keys {
@@ -340,7 +341,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_key_changes_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<get_key_changes::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_key_changes::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
 	let mut device_list_updates = HashSet::new();
 
diff --git a/src/api/client/media.rs b/src/api/client/media.rs
index e193f55b1..d3ef3f269 100644
--- a/src/api/client/media.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/media.rs
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_content_route(
 	ClientIp(client): ClientIp,
 	body: Ruma<create_content::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<create_content::v3::Response> {
-	let user = body.sender_user();
+	let user = body.identity.sender_user();
 	if services.users.is_suspended(user).await? {
 		return Err!(Request(UserSuspended("You cannot perform this action while suspended.")));
 	}
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_content_thumbnail_route(
 	ClientIp(client): ClientIp,
 	body: Ruma<get_content_thumbnail::v1::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_content_thumbnail::v1::Response> {
-	let user = body.sender_user();
+	let user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
 	let dim = Dim::from_ruma(body.width, body.height, body.method.clone())?;
 	let mxc = Mxc {
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_content_route(
 	ClientIp(client): ClientIp,
 	body: Ruma<get_content::v1::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_content::v1::Response> {
-	let user = body.sender_user();
+	let user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
 	let mxc = Mxc {
 		server_name: &body.server_name,
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_content_as_filename_route(
 	ClientIp(client): ClientIp,
 	body: Ruma<get_content_as_filename::v1::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_content_as_filename::v1::Response> {
-	let user = body.sender_user();
+	let user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
 	let mxc = Mxc {
 		server_name: &body.server_name,
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_media_preview_route(
 	ClientIp(client): ClientIp,
 	body: Ruma<get_media_preview::v1::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_media_preview::v1::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
 	let url = &body.url;
 	let url = Url::parse(&body.url).map_err(|e| {
diff --git a/src/api/client/media_legacy.rs b/src/api/client/media_legacy.rs
index d3567546e..1dad361aa 100644
--- a/src/api/client/media_legacy.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/media_legacy.rs
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_media_preview_legacy_route(
 	ClientIp(client): ClientIp,
 	body: Ruma<get_media_preview::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_media_preview::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
 	let url = &body.url;
 	let url = Url::parse(&body.url).map_err(|e| {
diff --git a/src/api/client/membership/ban.rs b/src/api/client/membership/ban.rs
index d8f24239e..394b6ed5e 100644
--- a/src/api/client/membership/ban.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/membership/ban.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn ban_user_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<ban_user::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<ban_user::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
 	if sender_user == body.user_id {
 		return Err!(Request(Forbidden("You cannot ban yourself.")));
diff --git a/src/api/client/membership/forget.rs b/src/api/client/membership/forget.rs
index 7f3a1a57d..d5ee38fce 100644
--- a/src/api/client/membership/forget.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/membership/forget.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn forget_room_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<forget_room::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<forget_room::v3::Response> {
-	let user_id = body.sender_user();
+	let user_id = body.identity.sender_user();
 	let room_id = &body.room_id;
 
 	let joined = services.rooms.state_cache.is_joined(user_id, room_id);
diff --git a/src/api/client/membership/invite.rs b/src/api/client/membership/invite.rs
index 509327281..74742968e 100644
--- a/src/api/client/membership/invite.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/membership/invite.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn invite_user_route(
 	ClientIp(client): ClientIp,
 	body: Ruma<invite_user::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<invite_user::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 	if services.users.is_suspended(sender_user).await? {
 		return Err!(Request(UserSuspended("You cannot perform this action while suspended.")));
 	}
diff --git a/src/api/client/membership/join.rs b/src/api/client/membership/join.rs
index 69183c144..d71b21a10 100644
--- a/src/api/client/membership/join.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/membership/join.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn join_room_by_id_route(
 	ClientIp(client): ClientIp,
 	body: Ruma<join_room_by_id::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<join_room_by_id::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 	if services.users.is_suspended(sender_user).await? {
 		return Err!(Request(UserSuspended("You cannot perform this action while suspended.")));
 	}
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn join_room_by_id_or_alias_route(
 	ClientIp(client): ClientIp,
 	body: Ruma<join_room_by_id_or_alias::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<join_room_by_id_or_alias::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 	let body = &body.body;
 	if services.users.is_suspended(sender_user).await? {
 		return Err!(Request(UserSuspended("You cannot perform this action while suspended.")));
diff --git a/src/api/client/membership/kick.rs b/src/api/client/membership/kick.rs
index 75160990a..e151e5180 100644
--- a/src/api/client/membership/kick.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/membership/kick.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn kick_user_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<kick_user::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<kick_user::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 	if services.users.is_suspended(sender_user).await? {
 		return Err!(Request(UserSuspended("You cannot perform this action while suspended.")));
 	}
diff --git a/src/api/client/membership/knock.rs b/src/api/client/membership/knock.rs
index 3035b93f8..0238d2741 100644
--- a/src/api/client/membership/knock.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/membership/knock.rs
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn knock_room_route(
 	ClientIp(client): ClientIp,
 	body: Ruma<knock_room::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<knock_room::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 	let body = &body.body;
 	if services.users.is_suspended(sender_user).await? {
 		return Err!(Request(UserSuspended("You cannot perform this action while suspended.")));
diff --git a/src/api/client/membership/leave.rs b/src/api/client/membership/leave.rs
index dbfb6c5a1..7a13f1f53 100644
--- a/src/api/client/membership/leave.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/membership/leave.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn leave_room_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<leave_room::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<leave_room::v3::Response> {
-	leave_room(&services, body.sender_user(), &body.room_id, body.reason.clone())
+	leave_room(&services, body.identity.sender_user(), &body.room_id, body.reason.clone())
 		.boxed()
 		.await
 		.map(|()| leave_room::v3::Response::new())
diff --git a/src/api/client/membership/members.rs b/src/api/client/membership/members.rs
index 8e96b15cb..7f87e2d92 100644
--- a/src/api/client/membership/members.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/membership/members.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_member_events_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<get_member_events::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_member_events::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 	let membership = body.membership.as_ref();
 	let not_membership = body.not_membership.as_ref();
 
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn joined_members_route(
 	if !services
 		.rooms
 		.state_accessor
-		.user_can_see_state_events(body.sender_user(), &body.room_id)
+		.user_can_see_state_events(body.identity.sender_user(), &body.room_id)
 		.await
 	{
 		return Err!(Request(Forbidden("You don't have permission to view this room.")));
diff --git a/src/api/client/membership/mod.rs b/src/api/client/membership/mod.rs
index f27d9ffc8..f6a6801d9 100644
--- a/src/api/client/membership/mod.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/membership/mod.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn joined_rooms_route(
 	let joined_rooms = services
 		.rooms
 		.state_cache
-		.rooms_joined(body.sender_user())
+		.rooms_joined(body.identity.sender_user())
 		.collect()
 		.await;
 
diff --git a/src/api/client/membership/unban.rs b/src/api/client/membership/unban.rs
index 567dde528..be8c89134 100644
--- a/src/api/client/membership/unban.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/membership/unban.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn unban_user_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<unban_user::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<unban_user::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 	if services.users.is_suspended(sender_user).await? {
 		return Err!(Request(UserSuspended("You cannot perform this action while suspended.")));
 	}
diff --git a/src/api/client/message.rs b/src/api/client/message.rs
index 50fe9501f..00f7f94d2 100644
--- a/src/api/client/message.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/message.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ use conduwuit_service::{
 };
 use futures::{FutureExt, StreamExt, TryFutureExt, future::OptionFuture, pin_mut};
 use ruma::{
-	DeviceId, RoomId, UserId,
+	RoomId, UserId,
 	api::{
 		Direction,
 		client::{filter::RoomEventFilter, message::get_message_events},
@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@ use ruma::{
 	serde::Raw,
 };
 use ruminuwuity::invite_permission_config::FilterLevel;
-use tracing::warn;
 
 use crate::Ruma;
 
@@ -76,8 +75,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_message_events_route(
 	ClientIp(client_ip): ClientIp,
 	body: Ruma<get_message_events::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_message_events::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
-	let sender_device = body.sender_device.as_deref();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
+	let sender_device = body.identity.sender_device();
 	let room_id = &body.room_id;
 	let filter = &body.filter;
 
@@ -158,17 +157,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_message_events_route(
 
 	let lazy_loading_context = lazy_loading::Context {
 		user_id: sender_user,
-		device_id: sender_device.or_else(|| {
-			if let Some(registration) = body.appservice_info.as_ref() {
-				Some(<&DeviceId>::from(registration.registration.id.as_str()))
-			} else {
-				warn!(
-					"No device_id provided and no appservice registration found, this should be \
-					 unreachable"
-				);
-				None
-			}
-		}),
+		device_id: sender_device,
 		room_id,
 		token: Some(from.into_unsigned()),
 		options: Some(&filter.lazy_load_options),
diff --git a/src/api/client/mutual_rooms.rs b/src/api/client/mutual_rooms.rs
index ff5fcedb2..cbec98d0e 100644
--- a/src/api/client/mutual_rooms.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/mutual_rooms.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_mutual_rooms_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<mutual_rooms::unstable::Request>,
 ) -> Result<mutual_rooms::unstable::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
 	if sender_user == body.user_id {
 		return Err!(Request(Unknown("You cannot request rooms in common with yourself.")));
diff --git a/src/api/client/openid.rs b/src/api/client/openid.rs
index 4fa9d3bc6..c3149d856 100644
--- a/src/api/client/openid.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/openid.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_openid_token_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<account::request_openid_token::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<account::request_openid_token::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
 	if sender_user != body.user_id {
 		return Err!(Request(InvalidParam(
diff --git a/src/api/client/presence.rs b/src/api/client/presence.rs
index 01768a08c..07622d028 100644
--- a/src/api/client/presence.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/presence.rs
@@ -20,13 +20,19 @@ pub(crate) async fn set_presence_route(
 		return Err!(Request(Forbidden("Presence is disabled on this server")));
 	}
 
-	if body.sender_user() != body.user_id && body.appservice_info.is_none() {
+	if body.identity.sender_user() != body.user_id && !body.identity.is_appservice() {
 		return Err!(Request(InvalidParam("Not allowed to set presence of other users")));
 	}
 
 	services
 		.presence
-		.set_presence(body.sender_user(), &body.presence, None, None, body.status_msg.clone())
+		.set_presence(
+			body.identity.sender_user(),
+			&body.presence,
+			None,
+			None,
+			body.status_msg.clone(),
+		)
 		.await?;
 
 	Ok(set_presence::v3::Response::new())
@@ -49,7 +55,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_presence_route(
 	let has_shared_rooms = services
 		.rooms
 		.state_cache
-		.user_sees_user(body.sender_user(), &body.user_id)
+		.user_sees_user(body.identity.sender_user(), &body.user_id)
 		.await;
 
 	if has_shared_rooms {
diff --git a/src/api/client/profile.rs b/src/api/client/profile.rs
index 4bcf7fd76..0e4f75088 100644
--- a/src/api/client/profile.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/profile.rs
@@ -51,9 +51,12 @@ pub(crate) async fn set_profile_field_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<set_profile_field::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<set_profile_field::v3::Response> {
-	if body.user_id != body.sender_user()
-		&& !(body.appservice_info.is_some()
-			|| services.admin.user_is_admin(body.sender_user()).await)
+	if body.user_id != body.identity.sender_user()
+		&& !(body.identity.is_appservice()
+			|| services
+				.admin
+				.user_is_admin(body.identity.sender_user())
+				.await)
 	{
 		return Err!(Request(Forbidden("You may not change other users' profile data.")));
 	}
@@ -72,9 +75,12 @@ pub(crate) async fn delete_profile_field_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<delete_profile_field::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<delete_profile_field::v3::Response> {
-	if body.user_id != body.sender_user()
-		&& !(body.appservice_info.is_some()
-			|| services.admin.user_is_admin(body.sender_user()).await)
+	if body.user_id != body.identity.sender_user()
+		&& !(body.identity.is_appservice()
+			|| services
+				.admin
+				.user_is_admin(body.identity.sender_user())
+				.await)
 	{
 		return Err!(Request(Forbidden("You may not change other users' profile data.")));
 	}
diff --git a/src/api/client/push.rs b/src/api/client/push.rs
index c12301a11..47e79e65e 100644
--- a/src/api/client/push.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/push.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_pushrules_all_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<get_pushrules_all::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_pushrules_all::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
 	let Some(content_value) = services
 		.account_data
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_pushrules_global_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<get_pushrules_global_scope::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_pushrules_global_scope::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
 	let Some(content_value) = services
 		.account_data
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_pushrule_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<get_pushrule::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_pushrule::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
 	// remove old deprecated mentions push rules as per MSC4210
 	#[allow(deprecated)]
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn set_pushrule_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<set_pushrule::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<set_pushrule::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 	let body = &body.body;
 	let mut account_data: PushRulesEvent = services
 		.account_data
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_pushrule_actions_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<get_pushrule_actions::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_pushrule_actions::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
 	// remove old deprecated mentions push rules as per MSC4210
 	#[allow(deprecated)]
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn set_pushrule_actions_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<set_pushrule_actions::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<set_pushrule_actions::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
 	let mut account_data: PushRulesEvent = services
 		.account_data
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_pushrule_enabled_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<get_pushrule_enabled::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_pushrule_enabled::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
 	// remove old deprecated mentions push rules as per MSC4210
 	#[allow(deprecated)]
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn set_pushrule_enabled_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<set_pushrule_enabled::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<set_pushrule_enabled::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
 	let mut account_data: PushRulesEvent = services
 		.account_data
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn delete_pushrule_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<delete_pushrule::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<delete_pushrule::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
 	let mut account_data: PushRulesEvent = services
 		.account_data
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_pushers_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<get_pushers::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_pushers::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
 	Ok(get_pushers::v3::Response::new(services.pusher.get_pushers(sender_user).await))
 }
@@ -472,11 +472,12 @@ pub(crate) async fn set_pushers_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<set_pusher::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<set_pusher::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
+	let sender_device = body.identity.expect_sender_device()?;
 
 	services
 		.pusher
-		.set_pusher(sender_user, body.sender_device(), &body.action)
+		.set_pusher(sender_user, sender_device, &body.action)
 		.await?;
 
 	Ok(set_pusher::v3::Response::new())
diff --git a/src/api/client/read_marker.rs b/src/api/client/read_marker.rs
index 74fd19a80..bd31eca71 100644
--- a/src/api/client/read_marker.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/read_marker.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn set_read_marker_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<set_read_marker::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<set_read_marker::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
 	if let Some(event) = &body.fully_read {
 		let fully_read_event = FullyReadEvent::new(FullyReadEventContent::new(event.to_owned()));
@@ -118,10 +118,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_receipt_route(
 	ClientIp(client_ip): ClientIp,
 	body: Ruma<create_receipt::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<create_receipt::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 	services
 		.users
-		.update_device_last_seen(sender_user, body.sender_device.as_deref(), client_ip)
+		.update_device_last_seen(sender_user, body.identity.sender_device(), client_ip)
 		.await;
 
 	if matches!(
diff --git a/src/api/client/redact.rs b/src/api/client/redact.rs
index 1da2ee1d4..0eb48bf0e 100644
--- a/src/api/client/redact.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/redact.rs
@@ -17,10 +17,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn redact_event_route(
 	ClientIp(client_ip): ClientIp,
 	body: Ruma<redact_event::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<redact_event::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 	services
 		.users
-		.update_device_last_seen(sender_user, body.sender_device.as_deref(), client_ip)
+		.update_device_last_seen(sender_user, body.identity.sender_device(), client_ip)
 		.await;
 	let body = &body.body;
 	if services.users.is_suspended(sender_user).await? {
diff --git a/src/api/client/relations.rs b/src/api/client/relations.rs
index b1f4465c3..53ac0de1d 100644
--- a/src/api/client/relations.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/relations.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_relating_events_with_rel_type_and_event_type_route(
 ) -> Result<get_relating_events_with_rel_type_and_event_type::v1::Response> {
 	paginate_relations_with_filter(
 		&services,
-		body.sender_user(),
+		body.identity.sender_user(),
 		&body.room_id,
 		&body.event_id,
 		body.event_type.clone().into(),
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_relating_events_with_rel_type_route(
 ) -> Result<get_relating_events_with_rel_type::v1::Response> {
 	paginate_relations_with_filter(
 		&services,
-		body.sender_user(),
+		body.identity.sender_user(),
 		&body.room_id,
 		&body.event_id,
 		None,
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_relating_events_route(
 ) -> Result<get_relating_events::v1::Response> {
 	paginate_relations_with_filter(
 		&services,
-		body.sender_user(),
+		body.identity.sender_user(),
 		&body.room_id,
 		&body.event_id,
 		None,
diff --git a/src/api/client/report.rs b/src/api/client/report.rs
index 5267df110..5fe1b4a24 100644
--- a/src/api/client/report.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/report.rs
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn report_room_route(
 	ClientIp(client): ClientIp,
 	body: Ruma<report_room::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<report_room::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 	if services.users.is_suspended(sender_user).await? {
 		return Err!(Request(UserSuspended("You cannot perform this action while suspended.")));
 	}
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn report_event_route(
 	body: Ruma<report_content::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<report_content::v3::Response> {
 	// user authentication
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 	if services.users.is_suspended(sender_user).await? {
 		return Err!(Request(UserSuspended("You cannot perform this action while suspended.")));
 	}
@@ -135,8 +135,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn report_user_route(
 	ClientIp(client): ClientIp,
 	body: Ruma<report_user::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<report_user::v3::Response> {
-	// user authentication
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
+
 	if services.users.is_suspended(sender_user).await? {
 		return Err!(Request(UserSuspended("You cannot perform this action while suspended.")));
 	}
diff --git a/src/api/client/room/aliases.rs b/src/api/client/room/aliases.rs
index 64ab722da..ac13e7e34 100644
--- a/src/api/client/room/aliases.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/room/aliases.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_room_aliases_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<aliases::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<aliases::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
 	if !services
 		.rooms
diff --git a/src/api/client/room/create.rs b/src/api/client/room/create.rs
index e0dc60a23..80f60ae25 100644
--- a/src/api/client/room/create.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/room/create.rs
@@ -61,10 +61,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_room_route(
 ) -> Result<create_room::v3::Response> {
 	use create_room::v3::RoomPreset;
 
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
 	if !services.globals.allow_room_creation()
-		&& body.appservice_info.is_none()
+		&& !body.identity.is_appservice()
 		&& !services.users.is_admin(sender_user).await
 	{
 		return Err!(Request(Forbidden("Room creation has been disabled.",)));
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_room_route(
 	if body.visibility == room::Visibility::Public
 		&& services.server.config.lockdown_public_room_directory
 		&& !services.users.is_admin(sender_user).await
-		&& body.appservice_info.is_none()
+		&& !body.identity.is_appservice()
 	{
 		warn!(
 			"Non-admin user {sender_user} tried to publish {room_id:?} to the room directory \
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_room_route(
 
 	let alias: Option<OwnedRoomAliasId> = match body.room_alias_name.as_ref() {
 		| Some(alias) =>
-			Some(room_alias_check(&services, alias, body.appservice_info.as_ref()).await?),
+			Some(room_alias_check(&services, alias, body.identity.appservice_info()).await?),
 		| _ => None,
 	};
 
diff --git a/src/api/client/room/event.rs b/src/api/client/room/event.rs
index b592dcf52..3c3a920ae 100644
--- a/src/api/client/room/event.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/room/event.rs
@@ -24,25 +24,25 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_room_event_route(
 	let visible = services
 		.rooms
 		.state_accessor
-		.user_can_see_event(body.sender_user(), room_id, event_id)
+		.user_can_see_event(body.identity.sender_user(), room_id, event_id)
 		.map(Ok);
 
 	let (mut event, visible) = try_join(event, visible).await?;
 
-	if !visible || is_ignored_pdu(services, &event, body.sender_user()).await? {
+	if !visible || is_ignored_pdu(services, &event, body.identity.sender_user()).await? {
 		return Err!(Request(Forbidden("You don't have permission to view this event.")));
 	}
 
 	if let Err(e) = services
 		.rooms
 		.pdu_metadata
-		.add_bundled_aggregations_to_pdu(body.sender_user(), &mut event)
+		.add_bundled_aggregations_to_pdu(body.identity.sender_user(), &mut event)
 		.await
 	{
 		debug_warn!("Failed to add bundled aggregations to event: {e}");
 	}
 
-	event.set_unsigned(body.sender_user.as_deref());
+	event.set_unsigned(Some(body.identity.sender_user()));
 
 	Ok(get_room_event::v3::Response::new(event.into_format()))
 }
diff --git a/src/api/client/room/initial_sync.rs b/src/api/client/room/initial_sync.rs
index 0306cde4e..f3f925f33 100644
--- a/src/api/client/room/initial_sync.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/room/initial_sync.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn room_initial_sync_route(
 	if !services
 		.rooms
 		.state_accessor
-		.user_can_see_state_events(body.sender_user(), room_id)
+		.user_can_see_state_events(body.identity.sender_user(), room_id)
 		.await
 	{
 		return Err!(Request(Forbidden("No room preview available.")));
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn room_initial_sync_route(
 	let membership = services
 		.rooms
 		.state_cache
-		.user_membership(body.sender_user(), room_id)
+		.user_membership(body.identity.sender_user(), room_id)
 		.map(Ok);
 
 	let visibility = services.rooms.directory.visibility(room_id).map(Ok);
@@ -52,16 +52,14 @@ pub(crate) async fn room_initial_sync_route(
 		.pdus_rev(room_id, None)
 		.try_take(limit)
 		.and_then(async |mut pdu| {
-			pdu.1.set_unsigned(body.sender_user.as_deref());
-			if let Some(sender_user) = body.sender_user.as_deref() {
-				if let Err(e) = services
-					.rooms
-					.pdu_metadata
-					.add_bundled_aggregations_to_pdu(sender_user, &mut pdu.1)
-					.await
-				{
-					debug_warn!("Failed to add bundled aggregations: {e}");
-				}
+			pdu.1.set_unsigned(Some(body.identity.sender_user()));
+			if let Err(e) = services
+				.rooms
+				.pdu_metadata
+				.add_bundled_aggregations_to_pdu(body.identity.sender_user(), &mut pdu.1)
+				.await
+			{
+				debug_warn!("Failed to add bundled aggregations: {e}");
 			}
 			Ok(pdu)
 		})
diff --git a/src/api/client/room/summary.rs b/src/api/client/room/summary.rs
index b6e217b43..32e60617a 100644
--- a/src/api/client/room/summary.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/room/summary.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,13 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_room_summary(
 	let summary = services
 		.rooms
 		.summary
-		.get_room_summary_for_user(body.sender_user.as_deref(), &room_id, &servers)
+		.get_room_summary_for_user(
+			body.identity
+				.as_ref()
+				.map(|identity| identity.sender_user()),
+			&room_id,
+			&servers,
+		)
 		.await?;
 
 	match summary {
diff --git a/src/api/client/room/upgrade.rs b/src/api/client/room/upgrade.rs
index aaa01add6..a3fd0c967 100644
--- a/src/api/client/room/upgrade.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/room/upgrade.rs
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn upgrade_room_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<upgrade_room::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<upgrade_room::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
 	let (supported, forbid_unstable, is_unstable) = (
 		services.server.supported_room_version(&body.new_version),
diff --git a/src/api/client/search.rs b/src/api/client/search.rs
index 7a5ad1008..811500845 100644
--- a/src/api/client/search.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/search.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn search_events_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<Request>,
 ) -> Result<Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 	let next_batch = body.next_batch.as_deref();
 
 	let mut result_categories = ResultCategories::new();
diff --git a/src/api/client/send.rs b/src/api/client/send.rs
index feac81c86..e58a914e2 100644
--- a/src/api/client/send.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/send.rs
@@ -22,16 +22,16 @@ pub(crate) async fn send_message_event_route(
 	ClientIp(client_ip): ClientIp,
 	body: Ruma<send_message_event::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<send_message_event::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
-	let sender_device = body.sender_device.as_deref();
-	let appservice_info = body.appservice_info.as_ref();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
+	let sender_device = body.identity.sender_device();
+
 	if services.users.is_suspended(sender_user).await? {
 		return Err!(Request(UserSuspended("You cannot perform this action while suspended.")));
 	}
 
 	services
 		.users
-		.update_device_last_seen(sender_user, body.sender_device.as_deref(), client_ip)
+		.update_device_last_seen(sender_user, sender_device, client_ip)
 		.await;
 
 	// Forbid m.room.encrypted if encryption is disabled
@@ -83,7 +83,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn send_message_event_route(
 				event_type: body.event_type.clone().into(),
 				content,
 				unsigned: Some(unsigned),
-				timestamp: appservice_info.and(body.timestamp),
+				timestamp: if body.identity.is_appservice() {
+					body.timestamp
+				} else {
+					None
+				},
 				..Default::default()
 			},
 			sender_user,
diff --git a/src/api/client/session.rs b/src/api/client/session.rs
index e292566cc..4cb90678b 100644
--- a/src/api/client/session.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/session.rs
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn login_route(
 		}) => {
 			debug!("Got appservice login type");
 
-			let Some(ref info) = body.appservice_info else {
+			let Some(ref info) = body.identity else {
 				return Err!(Request(MissingToken("Missing appservice token.")));
 			};
 
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn login_token_route(
 		return Err!(Request(Forbidden("Login via an existing session is not enabled")));
 	}
 
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
 	// Prompt the user to confirm with their password using UIAA
 	let _ = services
@@ -286,7 +286,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn logout_route(
 	ClientIp(client): ClientIp,
 	body: Ruma<logout::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<logout::v3::Response> {
-	let (sender_user, sender_device) = body.sender();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
+	let sender_device = body.identity.expect_sender_device()?;
+
 	services
 		.users
 		.remove_device(sender_user, sender_device)
@@ -332,7 +334,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn logout_all_route(
 	ClientIp(client): ClientIp,
 	body: Ruma<logout_all::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<logout_all::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 	services
 		.users
 		.all_device_ids(sender_user)
diff --git a/src/api/client/space.rs b/src/api/client/space.rs
index 53af69b0a..6873aa969 100644
--- a/src/api/client/space.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/space.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_hierarchy_route(
 		.rooms
 		.summary
 		.get_room_hierarchy_for_user(
-			body.sender_user(),
+			body.identity.sender_user(),
 			body.room_id.clone(),
 			max_depth,
 			body.suggested_only,
diff --git a/src/api/client/state.rs b/src/api/client/state.rs
index 3024ad04b..95c399391 100644
--- a/src/api/client/state.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/state.rs
@@ -38,10 +38,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn send_state_event_for_key_route(
 	ClientIp(ip): ClientIp,
 	body: Ruma<send_state_event::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<send_state_event::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 	services
 		.users
-		.update_device_last_seen(sender_user, body.sender_device.as_deref(), ip)
+		.update_device_last_seen(sender_user, body.identity.sender_device(), ip)
 		.await;
 
 	if services.users.is_suspended(sender_user).await? {
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn send_state_event_for_key_route(
 		&body.event_type,
 		&body.body.body,
 		&body.state_key,
-		if body.appservice_info.is_some() {
+		if body.identity.is_appservice() {
 			body.timestamp
 		} else {
 			None
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_state_events_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<get_state_events::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_state_events::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
 	if !services
 		.rooms
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_state_event_for_key_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<get_state_event_for_key::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_state_event_for_key::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
 	if !services
 		.rooms
diff --git a/src/api/client/sync/v3/mod.rs b/src/api/client/sync/v3/mod.rs
index 1c3612b97..c32ed22cd 100644
--- a/src/api/client/sync/v3/mod.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/sync/v3/mod.rs
@@ -181,7 +181,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_route(
 	ClientIp(client_ip): ClientIp,
 	body: Ruma<sync_events::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<sync_events::v3::Response> {
-	let (sender_user, sender_device) = body.sender();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
+	let sender_device = body.identity.expect_sender_device()?;
 
 	// Presence update
 	if services.config.allow_local_presence {
@@ -225,7 +226,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn build_sync_events(
 	services: &Services,
 	body: &Ruma<sync_events::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<sync_events::v3::Response> {
-	let (syncing_user, syncing_device) = body.sender();
+	let syncing_user = body.identity.sender_user();
+	let syncing_device = body.identity.sender_device().expect("should have a device");
 
 	let current_count = services.globals.current_count()?;
 
diff --git a/src/api/client/sync/v5.rs b/src/api/client/sync/v5.rs
index c396cbdb9..a6c340c53 100644
--- a/src/api/client/sync/v5.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/sync/v5.rs
@@ -70,8 +70,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_v5_route(
 	body: Ruma<sync_events::v5::Request>,
 ) -> Result<sync_events::v5::Response> {
 	debug_assert!(DEFAULT_BUMP_TYPES.is_sorted(), "DEFAULT_BUMP_TYPES is not sorted");
-	let ref sender_user = body.sender_user().to_owned();
-	let ref sender_device = body.sender_device().to_owned();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
+	let sender_device = body.identity.expect_sender_device()?;
 
 	services
 		.users
diff --git a/src/api/client/tag.rs b/src/api/client/tag.rs
index ec0664503..f9a8bd6d5 100644
--- a/src/api/client/tag.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/tag.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn update_tag_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<create_tag::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<create_tag::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
 	let mut tags_event = services
 		.account_data
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn delete_tag_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<delete_tag::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<delete_tag::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
 	let mut tags_event = services
 		.account_data
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_tags_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<get_tags::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_tags::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 
 	let tags_event = services
 		.account_data
diff --git a/src/api/client/threads.rs b/src/api/client/threads.rs
index c58c048ea..97f9f5b73 100644
--- a/src/api/client/threads.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/threads.rs
@@ -34,14 +34,14 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_threads_route(
 	let threads: Vec<(PduCount, PduEvent)> = services
 		.rooms
 		.threads
-		.threads_until(body.sender_user(), &body.room_id, from, &body.include)
+		.threads_until(body.identity.sender_user(), &body.room_id, from, &body.include)
 		.await?
 		.take(limit)
 		.filter_map(|(count, pdu)| async move {
 			services
 				.rooms
 				.state_accessor
-				.user_can_see_event(body.sender_user(), &body.room_id, &pdu.event_id)
+				.user_can_see_event(body.identity.sender_user(), &body.room_id, &pdu.event_id)
 				.await
 				.then_some((count, pdu))
 		})
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_threads_route(
 			if let Err(e) = services
 				.rooms
 				.pdu_metadata
-				.add_bundled_aggregations_to_pdu(body.sender_user(), &mut pdu)
+				.add_bundled_aggregations_to_pdu(body.identity.sender_user(), &mut pdu)
 				.await
 			{
 				debug_warn!("Failed to add bundled aggregations to thread: {e}");
diff --git a/src/api/client/to_device.rs b/src/api/client/to_device.rs
index b3359bdec..3aac3b58b 100644
--- a/src/api/client/to_device.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/to_device.rs
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn send_event_to_device_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<send_event_to_device::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<send_event_to_device::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
-	let sender_device = body.sender_device.as_deref();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
+	let sender_device = body.identity.sender_device();
 
 	// Check if this is a new transaction id
 	if services
diff --git a/src/api/client/typing.rs b/src/api/client/typing.rs
index 189992783..5bc1fa465 100644
--- a/src/api/client/typing.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/typing.rs
@@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_typing_event_route(
 	body: Ruma<create_typing_event::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<create_typing_event::v3::Response> {
 	use create_typing_event::v3::Typing;
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 	services
 		.users
-		.update_device_last_seen(sender_user, body.sender_device.as_deref(), ip)
+		.update_device_last_seen(sender_user, body.identity.sender_device(), ip)
 		.await;
 
-	if sender_user != body.user_id && body.appservice_info.is_none() {
+	if sender_user != body.user_id && !body.identity.is_appservice() {
 		return Err!(Request(Forbidden("You cannot update typing status of other users.")));
 	}
 
diff --git a/src/api/client/user_directory.rs b/src/api/client/user_directory.rs
index 059adb224..d04dfabd8 100644
--- a/src/api/client/user_directory.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/user_directory.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn search_users_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<search_users::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<search_users::v3::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
+	let sender_user = body.identity.sender_user();
 	let limit = usize::try_from(body.limit)
 		.map_or(LIMIT_DEFAULT, usize::from)
 		.min(LIMIT_MAX);
diff --git a/src/api/client/voip.rs b/src/api/client/voip.rs
index 1dd0ec87d..0f6c5cbdf 100644
--- a/src/api/client/voip.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/voip.rs
@@ -2,15 +2,13 @@ use std::time::{Duration, SystemTime};
 
 use axum::extract::State;
 use base64::{Engine as _, engine::general_purpose};
-use conduwuit::{Err, Result, utils};
+use conduwuit::{Err, Result};
 use hmac::{Hmac, KeyInit, Mac};
-use ruma::{SecondsSinceUnixEpoch, UserId, api::client::voip::get_turn_server_info};
+use ruma::{SecondsSinceUnixEpoch, api::client::voip::get_turn_server_info};
 use sha1::Sha1;
 
 use crate::Ruma;
 
-const RANDOM_USER_ID_LENGTH: usize = 10;
-
 type HmacSha1 = Hmac<Sha1>;
 
 /// # `GET /_matrix/client/r0/voip/turnServer`
@@ -35,15 +33,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn turn_server_route(
 		)
 		.expect("time is valid");
 
-		let user = body.sender_user.unwrap_or_else(|| {
-			UserId::parse_with_server_name(
-				utils::random_string(RANDOM_USER_ID_LENGTH).to_lowercase(),
-				&services.server.name,
-			)
-			.unwrap()
-		});
-
-		let username: String = format!("{}:{}", expiry.get(), user);
+		let username: String = format!("{}:{}", expiry.get(), body.identity.sender_user());
 
 		let mut mac = HmacSha1::new_from_slice(turn_secret.as_bytes())
 			.expect("HMAC can take key of any size");
diff --git a/src/api/router.rs b/src/api/router.rs
index da39f22a9..45da9e0c7 100644
--- a/src/api/router.rs
+++ b/src/api/router.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ pub(super) use conduwuit_service::state::State;
 use http::{Uri, uri};
 
 use self::handler::RouterExt;
-pub(super) use self::{args::Args as Ruma, response::RumaResponse};
+pub(super) use self::{args::Args as Ruma, auth::ClientIdentity, response::RumaResponse};
 use crate::{admin, client, server};
 
 pub fn build(router: Router<State>, server: &Server) -> Router<State> {
diff --git a/src/api/router/args.rs b/src/api/router/args.rs
index c7a57b918..3f5348f3c 100644
--- a/src/api/router/args.rs
+++ b/src/api/router/args.rs
@@ -6,17 +6,14 @@ use axum::{
 	extract::{FromRequest, Path, Query},
 };
 use conduwuit::{Error, Result, err};
-use ruma::{
-	CanonicalJsonObject, DeviceId, OwnedDeviceId, OwnedServerName, OwnedUserId, ServerName,
-	UserId, api::IncomingRequest,
-};
+use ruma::{CanonicalJsonObject, api::IncomingRequest};
 use serde::Deserialize;
 
-use crate::{State, router::auth::CheckAuth, service::appservice::RegistrationInfo};
+use crate::{State, router::auth::CheckAuth};
 
 /// Query parameters needed to authenticate requests
 #[derive(Deserialize)]
-pub(super) struct AuthQueryParams {
+pub(crate) struct AuthQueryParams {
 	pub(super) user_id: Option<String>,
 	/// Device ID for appservice device masquerading (MSC3202/MSC4190).
 	/// Can be provided as `device_id` or `org.matrix.msc3202.device_id`.
@@ -25,67 +22,22 @@ pub(super) struct AuthQueryParams {
 }
 
 /// Extractor for Ruma request structs
-pub(crate) struct Args<T> {
+pub(crate) struct Args<R: IncomingRequest<Authentication: CheckAuth> + Send + Sync + 'static> {
 	/// Request struct body
-	pub(crate) body: T,
+	pub(crate) body: R,
 
-	/// Federation server authentication: X-Matrix origin
-	/// None when not a federation server.
-	pub(crate) origin: Option<OwnedServerName>,
-
-	/// Local user authentication: user_id.
-	/// None when not an authenticated local user.
-	pub(crate) sender_user: Option<OwnedUserId>,
-
-	/// Local user authentication: device_id.
-	/// None when not an authenticated local user or no device.
-	pub(crate) sender_device: Option<OwnedDeviceId>,
-
-	/// Appservice authentication; registration info.
-	/// None when not an appservice.
-	pub(crate) appservice_info: Option<RegistrationInfo>,
-
-	/// Parsed JSON content.
-	/// None when body is not a valid string
+	/// Parsed JSON body. None when body is not JSON.
 	pub(crate) json_body: Option<CanonicalJsonObject>,
+
+	/// Identity of the requesting entity
+	pub(crate) identity: <R::Authentication as CheckAuth>::Identity,
 }
 
-impl<T> Args<T>
+impl<R> Deref for Args<R>
 where
-	T: IncomingRequest + Send + Sync + 'static,
+	R: IncomingRequest<Authentication: CheckAuth> + Send + Sync + 'static,
 {
-	#[inline]
-	pub(crate) fn sender(&self) -> (&UserId, &DeviceId) {
-		(self.sender_user(), self.sender_device())
-	}
-
-	#[inline]
-	pub(crate) fn sender_user(&self) -> &UserId {
-		self.sender_user
-			.as_deref()
-			.expect("user must be authenticated for this handler")
-	}
-
-	#[inline]
-	pub(crate) fn sender_device(&self) -> &DeviceId {
-		self.sender_device
-			.as_deref()
-			.expect("user must be authenticated and device identified")
-	}
-
-	#[inline]
-	pub(crate) fn origin(&self) -> &ServerName {
-		self.origin
-			.as_deref()
-			.expect("server must be authenticated for this handler")
-	}
-}
-
-impl<T> Deref for Args<T>
-where
-	T: IncomingRequest + Send + Sync + 'static,
-{
-	type Target = T;
+	type Target = R;
 
 	fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target { &self.body }
 }
@@ -145,13 +97,6 @@ where
 		let body = R::try_from_http_request(request, &path)
 			.map_err(|e| err!(Request(BadJson(debug_warn!("{e}")))))?;
 
-		Ok(Self {
-			body,
-			origin: auth.origin,
-			sender_user: auth.sender_user,
-			sender_device: auth.sender_device,
-			appservice_info: auth.appservice_info,
-			json_body,
-		})
+		Ok(Self { body, json_body, identity: auth })
 	}
 }
diff --git a/src/api/router/auth.rs b/src/api/router/auth.rs
index 86704151a..b2a9b9ab0 100644
--- a/src/api/router/auth.rs
+++ b/src/api/router/auth.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::any::{Any, TypeId};
 
 use conduwuit::{Err, Result, err};
 use ruma::{
-	OwnedDeviceId, OwnedServerName, OwnedUserId, UserId,
+	DeviceId, OwnedDeviceId, OwnedServerName, OwnedUserId, UserId,
 	api::{
 		IncomingRequest,
 		auth_scheme::{
@@ -20,20 +20,57 @@ use service::{
 
 use crate::{router::args::AuthQueryParams, service::appservice::RegistrationInfo};
 
-#[derive(Default)]
-pub(super) struct Auth {
-	pub(super) origin: Option<OwnedServerName>,
-	pub(super) sender_user: Option<OwnedUserId>,
-	pub(super) sender_device: Option<OwnedDeviceId>,
-	pub(super) appservice_info: Option<RegistrationInfo>,
+pub(crate) enum ClientIdentity {
+	User {
+		sender_user: OwnedUserId,
+		sender_device: OwnedDeviceId,
+	},
+	Appservice {
+		sender_user: OwnedUserId,
+		sender_device: Option<OwnedDeviceId>,
+		appservice_info: RegistrationInfo,
+	},
 }
 
-pub(super) trait CheckAuth: AuthScheme {
+impl ClientIdentity {
+	pub(crate) fn sender_user(&self) -> &UserId {
+		match self {
+			| Self::User { sender_user, .. } | Self::Appservice { sender_user, .. } =>
+				sender_user,
+		}
+	}
+
+	pub(crate) fn sender_device(&self) -> Option<&DeviceId> {
+		match self {
+			| Self::User { sender_device, .. } => Some(sender_device),
+			| Self::Appservice { sender_device, .. } => sender_device.as_deref(),
+		}
+	}
+
+	pub(crate) fn expect_sender_device(&self) -> Result<&DeviceId> {
+		self.sender_device().ok_or_else(|| {
+			err!(Request(Forbidden("Appservices must masquerade to use this endpoint")))
+		})
+	}
+
+	pub(crate) fn appservice_info(&self) -> Option<&RegistrationInfo> {
+		match self {
+			| Self::User { .. } => None,
+			| Self::Appservice { appservice_info, .. } => Some(appservice_info),
+		}
+	}
+
+	pub(crate) fn is_appservice(&self) -> bool { matches!(self, Self::Appservice { .. }) }
+}
+
+pub(crate) trait CheckAuth: AuthScheme {
+	type Identity: Send;
+
 	fn authenticate<R: IncomingRequest + Any, B: AsRef<[u8]> + Sync>(
 		services: &Services,
 		incoming_request: &hyper::Request<B>,
 		query: AuthQueryParams,
-	) -> impl Future<Output = Result<Auth>> + Send {
+	) -> impl Future<Output = Result<Self::Identity>> + Send {
 		async move {
 			let route = TypeId::of::<R>();
 
@@ -54,17 +91,19 @@ pub(super) trait CheckAuth: AuthScheme {
 		request: &hyper::Request<B>,
 		query: AuthQueryParams,
 		route: TypeId,
-	) -> impl Future<Output = Result<Auth>> + Send;
+	) -> impl Future<Output = Result<Self::Identity>> + Send;
 }
 
 impl CheckAuth for ServerSignatures {
+	type Identity = OwnedServerName;
+
 	async fn verify<B: AsRef<[u8]> + Sync>(
 		services: &Services,
 		output: Self::Output,
 		request: &hyper::Request<B>,
 		_query: AuthQueryParams,
 		_route: TypeId,
-	) -> Result<Auth> {
+	) -> Result<Self::Identity> {
 		let destination = services.globals.server_name();
 		if output
 			.destination
@@ -96,10 +135,7 @@ impl CheckAuth for ServerSignatures {
 					)));
 				}
 
-				Ok(Auth {
-					origin: Some(output.origin.clone()),
-					..Default::default()
-				})
+				Ok(output.origin)
 			},
 			| Err(err) =>
 				Err!(Request(Unauthorized(warn!("Failed to verify X-Matrix header: {err}")))),
@@ -108,162 +144,164 @@ impl CheckAuth for ServerSignatures {
 }
 
 impl CheckAuth for AccessToken {
+	type Identity = ClientIdentity;
+
 	async fn verify<B: AsRef<[u8]> + Sync>(
 		services: &Services,
 		output: Self::Output,
 		_request: &hyper::Request<B>,
 		query: AuthQueryParams,
 		route: TypeId,
-	) -> Result<Auth> {
-		// Check for appservice tokens first
-
-		let (sender_user, sender_device, appservice_info) = {
-			if let Ok((sender_user, sender_device)) =
-				services.users.find_from_token(&output).await
+	) -> Result<Self::Identity> {
+		if let Ok((sender_user, sender_device)) = services.users.find_from_token(&output).await {
+			// Locked users can only use /logout and /logout/all
+			if services
+				.users
+				.is_locked(&sender_user)
+				.await
+				.is_ok_and(std::convert::identity)
 			{
-				// Locked users can only use /logout and /logout/all
-				if services
-					.users
-					.is_locked(&sender_user)
-					.await
-					.is_ok_and(std::convert::identity)
+				if !(route == TypeId::of::<client::session::logout::v3::Request>()
+					|| route == TypeId::of::<client::session::logout_all::v3::Request>())
 				{
-					if !(route == TypeId::of::<client::session::logout::v3::Request>()
-						|| route == TypeId::of::<client::session::logout_all::v3::Request>())
-					{
-						return Err!(Request(Unauthorized("Your account is locked.")));
-					}
+					return Err!(Request(Unauthorized("Your account is locked.")));
 				}
+			}
 
-				(Some(sender_user), Some(sender_device), None)
-			} else if let Ok(appservice_info) = services.appservice.find_from_token(&output).await
-			{
-				let Ok(sender_user) = query.user_id.clone().map_or_else(
-					|| {
-						UserId::parse_with_server_name(
-							appservice_info.registration.sender_localpart.as_str(),
-							services.globals.server_name(),
-						)
-					},
-					UserId::parse,
-				) else {
-					return Err!(Request(InvalidUsername("Username is invalid.")));
+			Ok(ClientIdentity::User { sender_user, sender_device })
+		} else if let Ok(appservice_info) = services.appservice.find_from_token(&output).await {
+			let Ok(sender_user) = query.user_id.clone().map_or_else(
+				|| {
+					UserId::parse_with_server_name(
+						appservice_info.registration.sender_localpart.as_str(),
+						services.globals.server_name(),
+					)
+				},
+				UserId::parse,
+			) else {
+				return Err!(Request(InvalidUsername("Username is invalid.")));
+			};
+
+			if !appservice_info.is_user_match(&sender_user) {
+				return Err!(Request(Exclusive("User is not in namespace.")));
+			}
+
+			// MSC3202/MSC4190: Handle device_id masquerading for appservices.
+			// The device_id can be provided via `device_id` or
+			// `org.matrix.msc3202.device_id` query parameter.
+			let sender_device =
+				if let Some(device_id) = query.device_id.as_deref().map(Into::into) {
+					// Verify the device exists for this user
+					if services
+						.users
+						.get_device_metadata(&sender_user, device_id)
+						.await
+						.is_err()
+					{
+						return Err!(Request(Forbidden(
+							"Device does not exist for user or appservice cannot masquerade as \
+							 this device."
+						)));
+					}
+
+					Some(device_id.to_owned())
+				} else {
+					None
 				};
 
-				if !appservice_info.is_user_match(&sender_user) {
-					return Err!(Request(Exclusive("User is not in namespace.")));
-				}
-
-				// MSC3202/MSC4190: Handle device_id masquerading for appservices.
-				// The device_id can be provided via `device_id` or
-				// `org.matrix.msc3202.device_id` query parameter.
-				let sender_device =
-					if let Some(device_id) = query.device_id.as_deref().map(Into::into) {
-						// Verify the device exists for this user
-						if services
-							.users
-							.get_device_metadata(&sender_user, device_id)
-							.await
-							.is_err()
-						{
-							return Err!(Request(Forbidden(
-								"Device does not exist for user or appservice cannot masquerade \
-								 as this device."
-							)));
-						}
-
-						Some(device_id.to_owned())
-					} else {
-						None
-					};
-
-				(Some(sender_user), sender_device, Some(appservice_info))
-			} else {
-				return Err!(Request(Unauthorized("Invalid access token.")));
-			}
-		};
-
-		Ok(Auth {
-			sender_user,
-			sender_device,
-			appservice_info,
-			..Default::default()
-		})
+			Ok(ClientIdentity::Appservice {
+				sender_user,
+				sender_device,
+				appservice_info,
+			})
+		} else {
+			return Err!(Request(Unauthorized("Invalid access token.")));
+		}
 	}
 }
 
 impl CheckAuth for AccessTokenOptional {
+	type Identity = Option<ClientIdentity>;
+
 	async fn verify<B: AsRef<[u8]> + Sync>(
 		services: &Services,
 		output: Self::Output,
 		request: &hyper::Request<B>,
 		query: AuthQueryParams,
 		route: TypeId,
-	) -> Result<Auth> {
+	) -> Result<Self::Identity> {
 		match output {
 			| Some(token) =>
-				<AccessToken as CheckAuth>::verify(services, token, request, query, route).await,
-			| None => Ok(Auth::default()),
+				<AccessToken as CheckAuth>::verify(services, token, request, query, route)
+					.await
+					.map(Some),
+			| None => Ok(None),
 		}
 	}
 }
 
 impl CheckAuth for AppserviceToken {
+	type Identity = RegistrationInfo;
+
 	async fn verify<B: AsRef<[u8]> + Sync>(
 		services: &Services,
 		output: Self::Output,
 		_request: &hyper::Request<B>,
 		_query: AuthQueryParams,
 		_route: TypeId,
-	) -> Result<Auth> {
+	) -> Result<Self::Identity> {
 		let Ok(appservice_info) = services.appservice.find_from_token(&output).await else {
 			return Err!(Request(Unauthorized("Invalid appservice token.")));
 		};
 
-		Ok(Auth {
-			appservice_info: Some(appservice_info),
-			..Default::default()
-		})
+		Ok(appservice_info)
 	}
 }
 
 impl CheckAuth for AppserviceTokenOptional {
+	type Identity = Option<RegistrationInfo>;
+
 	async fn verify<B: AsRef<[u8]> + Sync>(
 		services: &Services,
 		output: Self::Output,
 		request: &hyper::Request<B>,
 		query: AuthQueryParams,
 		route: TypeId,
-	) -> Result<Auth> {
+	) -> Result<Self::Identity> {
 		match output {
 			| Some(token) =>
 				<AppserviceToken as CheckAuth>::verify(services, token, request, query, route)
-					.await,
-			| None => Ok(Auth::default()),
+					.await
+					.map(Some),
+			| None => Ok(None),
 		}
 	}
 }
 
 impl CheckAuth for NoAuthentication {
+	type Identity = ();
+
 	async fn verify<B: AsRef<[u8]> + Sync>(
 		_services: &Services,
 		_output: Self::Output,
 		_request: &hyper::Request<B>,
 		_query: AuthQueryParams,
 		_route: TypeId,
-	) -> Result<Auth> {
-		Ok(Auth::default())
+	) -> Result<Self::Identity> {
+		Ok(())
 	}
 }
 
 impl CheckAuth for NoAccessToken {
+	type Identity = Option<ClientIdentity>;
+
 	async fn verify<B: AsRef<[u8]> + Sync>(
 		services: &Services,
 		_output: Self::Output,
 		request: &hyper::Request<B>,
 		query: AuthQueryParams,
 		route: TypeId,
-	) -> Result<Auth> {
+	) -> Result<Self::Identity> {
 		// We handle these the same as AccessTokenOptional
 		let token = AccessTokenOptional::extract_authentication(request).map_err(|err| {
 			err!(Request(Unauthorized(warn!("Failed to extract authorization: {}", err))))
diff --git a/src/api/server/backfill.rs b/src/api/server/backfill.rs
index 2359f4a49..7e0b18f00 100644
--- a/src/api/server/backfill.rs
+++ b/src/api/server/backfill.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_backfill_route(
 ) -> Result<get_backfill::v1::Response> {
 	AccessCheck {
 		services: &services,
-		origin: body.origin(),
+		origin: &body.identity,
 		room_id: &body.room_id,
 		event_id: None,
 	}
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_backfill_route(
 		.await
 	{
 		info!(
-			origin = body.origin().as_str(),
+			origin = body.identity.as_str(),
 			"Refusing to serve backfill for room we aren't participating in"
 		);
 		return Err!(Request(NotFound("This server is not participating in that room.")));
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_backfill_route(
 			Ok(services
 				.rooms
 				.state_accessor
-				.server_can_see_event(body.origin(), &pdu.room_id_or_hash(), &pdu.event_id)
+				.server_can_see_event(&body.identity, &pdu.room_id_or_hash(), &pdu.event_id)
 				.await
 				.then_some(pdu))
 		})
diff --git a/src/api/server/event.rs b/src/api/server/event.rs
index 403fbeb47..ff82f3d00 100644
--- a/src/api/server/event.rs
+++ b/src/api/server/event.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_event_route(
 
 	AccessCheck {
 		services: &services,
-		origin: body.origin(),
+		origin: &body.identity,
 		room_id,
 		event_id: Some(&body.event_id),
 	}
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_event_route(
 		.await
 	{
 		info!(
-			origin = body.origin().as_str(),
+			origin = body.identity.as_str(),
 			"Refusing to serve state for room we aren't participating in"
 		);
 		return Err!(Request(NotFound("This server is not participating in that room.")));
diff --git a/src/api/server/event_auth.rs b/src/api/server/event_auth.rs
index 70caa16f0..66fae5e01 100644
--- a/src/api/server/event_auth.rs
+++ b/src/api/server/event_auth.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_event_authorization_route(
 ) -> Result<get_event_authorization::v1::Response> {
 	AccessCheck {
 		services: &services,
-		origin: body.origin(),
+		origin: &body.identity,
 		room_id: &body.room_id,
 		event_id: None,
 	}
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_event_authorization_route(
 		.await
 	{
 		info!(
-			origin = body.origin().as_str(),
+			origin = body.identity.as_str(),
 			"Refusing to serve state for room we aren't participating in"
 		);
 		return Err!(Request(NotFound("This server is not participating in that room.")));
diff --git a/src/api/server/get_missing_events.rs b/src/api/server/get_missing_events.rs
index 25ec86d3d..a4915bb8b 100644
--- a/src/api/server/get_missing_events.rs
+++ b/src/api/server/get_missing_events.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_missing_events_route(
 ) -> Result<get_missing_events::v1::Response> {
 	AccessCheck {
 		services: &services,
-		origin: body.origin(),
+		origin: &body.identity,
 		room_id: &body.room_id,
 		event_id: None,
 	}
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_missing_events_route(
 		.await
 	{
 		info!(
-			origin = body.origin().as_str(),
+			origin = body.identity.as_str(),
 			"Refusing to serve state for room we aren't participating in"
 		);
 		return Err!(Request(NotFound("This server is not participating in that room.")));
@@ -91,10 +91,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_missing_events_route(
 		if !services
 			.rooms
 			.state_accessor
-			.server_can_see_event(body.origin(), &body.room_id, pdu.event_id())
+			.server_can_see_event(&body.identity, &body.room_id, pdu.event_id())
 			.await
 		{
-			debug!(%next_event_id, origin = %body.origin(), "redacting event origin cannot see");
+			debug!(%next_event_id, origin = %body.identity, "redacting event origin cannot see");
 			pdu.redact(&room_version, json!({}))?;
 		}
 
diff --git a/src/api/server/hierarchy.rs b/src/api/server/hierarchy.rs
index d83c0979d..342f68c38 100644
--- a/src/api/server/hierarchy.rs
+++ b/src/api/server/hierarchy.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_hierarchy_route(
 		.await
 	{
 		info!(
-			origin = body.origin().as_str(),
+			origin = body.identity.as_str(),
 			"Refusing to serve state for room we aren't participating in"
 		);
 		return Err!(Request(NotFound("This server is not participating in that room.")));
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_hierarchy_route(
 	let response = services
 		.rooms
 		.summary
-		.get_local_room_summary_for_server(body.origin(), &body.room_id, body.suggested_only)
+		.get_local_room_summary_for_server(&body.identity, &body.room_id, body.suggested_only)
 		.await;
 
 	if let Accessibility::Accessible(response) = response {
diff --git a/src/api/server/invite.rs b/src/api/server/invite.rs
index 2e59342f4..a029b822c 100644
--- a/src/api/server/invite.rs
+++ b/src/api/server/invite.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_invite_route(
 	services
 		.rooms
 		.event_handler
-		.acl_check(body.origin(), &body.room_id)
+		.acl_check(&body.identity, &body.room_id)
 		.await?;
 
 	if !services.server.supported_room_version(&body.room_version) {
@@ -54,12 +54,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_invite_route(
 
 	if services
 		.moderation
-		.is_remote_server_forbidden(body.origin())
+		.is_remote_server_forbidden(&body.identity)
 	{
 		warn!(
 			"Received federated/remote invite from banned server {} for room ID {}. Rejecting.",
-			body.origin(),
-			body.room_id
+			body.identity, body.room_id
 		);
 
 		return Err!(Request(Forbidden("Server is banned on this homeserver.")));
@@ -105,7 +104,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_invite_route(
 		.and_then(Result::ok)
 		.ok_or_else(|| err!(Request(InvalidParam("Invalid sender property"))))?;
 
-	if sender_user.server_name() != body.origin() {
+	if sender_user.server_name() != body.identity {
 		return Err!(Request(Forbidden("Sender's server does not match the origin server.",)));
 	}
 
diff --git a/src/api/server/make_join.rs b/src/api/server/make_join.rs
index 26a8ec7e7..2da92752b 100644
--- a/src/api/server/make_join.rs
+++ b/src/api/server/make_join.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ use crate::Ruma;
 /// # `GET /_matrix/federation/v1/make_join/{roomId}/{userId}`
 ///
 /// Creates a join template.
-#[tracing::instrument(skip_all, fields(room_id = %body.room_id, user_id = %body.user_id, origin = %body.origin()), level = "info")]
+#[tracing::instrument(skip_all, fields(room_id = %body.room_id, user_id = %body.user_id, origin = %body.identity), level = "info")]
 pub(crate) async fn create_join_event_template_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<prepare_join_event::v1::Request>,
@@ -45,14 +45,14 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_join_event_template_route(
 		.await
 	{
 		info!(
-			origin = body.origin().as_str(),
+			origin = body.identity.as_str(),
 			room_id = %body.room_id,
 			"Refusing to serve make_join for room we aren't participating in"
 		);
 		return Err!(Request(NotFound("This server is not participating in that room.")));
 	}
 
-	if body.user_id.server_name() != body.origin() {
+	if body.user_id.server_name() != body.identity {
 		return Err!(Request(BadJson("Not allowed to join on behalf of another server/user.")));
 	}
 
@@ -60,19 +60,17 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_join_event_template_route(
 	services
 		.rooms
 		.event_handler
-		.acl_check(body.origin(), &body.room_id)
+		.acl_check(&body.identity, &body.room_id)
 		.await?;
 
 	if services
 		.moderation
-		.is_remote_server_forbidden(body.origin())
+		.is_remote_server_forbidden(&body.identity)
 	{
 		warn!(
 			"Server {} for remote user {} tried joining room ID {} which has a server name that \
 			 is globally forbidden. Rejecting.",
-			body.origin(),
-			&body.user_id,
-			&body.room_id,
+			body.identity, &body.user_id, &body.room_id,
 		);
 		return Err!(Request(Forbidden("Server is banned on this homeserver.")));
 	}
diff --git a/src/api/server/make_knock.rs b/src/api/server/make_knock.rs
index c25926663..d6cadf02d 100644
--- a/src/api/server/make_knock.rs
+++ b/src/api/server/make_knock.rs
@@ -28,14 +28,14 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_knock_event_template_route(
 		.await
 	{
 		info!(
-			origin = body.origin().as_str(),
+			origin = body.identity.as_str(),
 			room_id = %body.room_id,
 			"Refusing to serve make_knock for room we aren't participating in"
 		);
 		return Err!(Request(NotFound("This server is not participating in that room.")));
 	}
 
-	if body.user_id.server_name() != body.origin() {
+	if body.user_id.server_name() != body.identity {
 		return Err!(Request(BadJson("Not allowed to knock on behalf of another server/user.")));
 	}
 
@@ -43,19 +43,17 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_knock_event_template_route(
 	services
 		.rooms
 		.event_handler
-		.acl_check(body.origin(), &body.room_id)
+		.acl_check(&body.identity, &body.room_id)
 		.await?;
 
 	if services
 		.moderation
-		.is_remote_server_forbidden(body.origin())
+		.is_remote_server_forbidden(&body.identity)
 	{
 		warn!(
 			"Server {} for remote user {} tried knocking room ID {} which has a server name \
 			 that is globally forbidden. Rejecting.",
-			body.origin(),
-			&body.user_id,
-			&body.room_id,
+			body.identity, &body.user_id, &body.room_id,
 		);
 		return Err!(Request(Forbidden("Server is banned on this homeserver.")));
 	}
diff --git a/src/api/server/make_leave.rs b/src/api/server/make_leave.rs
index 80a64bcca..168e235d7 100644
--- a/src/api/server/make_leave.rs
+++ b/src/api/server/make_leave.rs
@@ -26,13 +26,13 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_leave_event_template_route(
 		.await
 	{
 		info!(
-			origin = body.origin().as_str(),
+			origin = body.identity.as_str(),
 			"Refusing to serve make_leave for room we aren't participating in"
 		);
 		return Err!(Request(NotFound("This server is not participating in that room.")));
 	}
 
-	if body.user_id.server_name() != body.origin() {
+	if body.user_id.server_name() != body.identity {
 		return Err!(Request(Forbidden(
 			"Not allowed to leave on behalf of another server/user."
 		)));
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_leave_event_template_route(
 	services
 		.rooms
 		.event_handler
-		.acl_check(body.origin(), &body.room_id)
+		.acl_check(&body.identity, &body.room_id)
 		.await?;
 
 	let room_version = services.rooms.state.get_room_version(&body.room_id).await?;
diff --git a/src/api/server/send.rs b/src/api/server/send.rs
index 4353ca4e2..3f0531287 100644
--- a/src/api/server/send.rs
+++ b/src/api/server/send.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn send_transaction_message_route(
 	ClientIp(client): ClientIp,
 	body: Ruma<send_transaction_message::v1::Request>,
 ) -> Result<send_transaction_message::v1::Response> {
-	if body.origin() != body.body.origin {
+	if body.identity != body.body.origin {
 		return Err!(Request(Forbidden(
 			"Not allowed to send transactions on behalf of other servers"
 		)));
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn send_transaction_message_route(
 		)));
 	}
 
-	let txn_key = (body.origin().to_owned(), body.transaction_id.clone());
+	let txn_key = (body.identity.to_owned(), body.transaction_id.clone());
 
 	// Atomically check cache, join active, or start new transaction
 	match services
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ async fn wait_for_result(
 	skip_all,
 	fields(
 		id = ?body.transaction_id.as_str(),
-		origin = ?body.origin()
+		origin = ?body.identity
 	)
 )]
 async fn process_inbound_transaction(
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ async fn process_inbound_transaction(
 		.stream();
 
 	debug!(pdus = body.pdus.len(), edus = body.edus.len(), "Processing transaction",);
-	let results = match handle(&services, &client, body.origin(), pdus, edus).await {
+	let results = match handle(&services, &client, &body.identity, pdus, edus).await {
 		| Ok(results) => results,
 		| Err(err) => {
 			fail_federation_txn(services, &txn_key, &sender, err);
diff --git a/src/api/server/send_join.rs b/src/api/server/send_join.rs
index d80b700bc..5498d03d3 100644
--- a/src/api/server/send_join.rs
+++ b/src/api/server/send_join.rs
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_join_event_v2_route(
 ) -> Result<create_join_event::v2::Response> {
 	if services
 		.moderation
-		.is_remote_server_forbidden(body.origin())
+		.is_remote_server_forbidden(&body.identity)
 	{
 		return Err!(Request(Forbidden("Server is banned on this homeserver.")));
 	}
@@ -314,8 +314,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_join_event_v2_route(
 			warn!(
 				"Server {} tried joining room ID {} through us which has a server name that is \
 				 globally forbidden. Rejecting.",
-				body.origin(),
-				&body.room_id,
+				body.identity, &body.room_id,
 			);
 			return Err!(Request(Forbidden(warn!(
 				"Room ID server name {server} is banned on this homeserver."
@@ -325,12 +324,12 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_join_event_v2_route(
 
 	let now = Instant::now();
 	let room_state =
-		create_join_event(&services, body.origin(), &body.room_id, &body.pdu, body.omit_members)
+		create_join_event(&services, &body.identity, &body.room_id, &body.pdu, body.omit_members)
 			.boxed()
 			.await?;
 	info!(
 		"Finished sending a join for {} in {} in {:?}",
-		body.origin(),
+		body.identity,
 		&body.room_id,
 		now.elapsed()
 	);
diff --git a/src/api/server/send_knock.rs b/src/api/server/send_knock.rs
index 29d9a1e31..76e8f363f 100644
--- a/src/api/server/send_knock.rs
+++ b/src/api/server/send_knock.rs
@@ -26,13 +26,12 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_knock_event_v1_route(
 ) -> Result<create_knock_event::v1::Response> {
 	if services
 		.moderation
-		.is_remote_server_forbidden(body.origin())
+		.is_remote_server_forbidden(&body.identity)
 	{
 		warn!(
 			"Server {} tried knocking room ID {} who has a server name that is globally \
 			 forbidden. Rejecting.",
-			body.origin(),
-			&body.room_id,
+			body.identity, &body.room_id,
 		);
 		return Err!(Request(Forbidden("Server is banned on this homeserver.")));
 	}
@@ -42,8 +41,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_knock_event_v1_route(
 			warn!(
 				"Server {} tried knocking room ID {} which has a server name that is globally \
 				 forbidden. Rejecting.",
-				body.origin(),
-				&body.room_id,
+				body.identity, &body.room_id,
 			);
 			return Err!(Request(Forbidden("Server is banned on this homeserver.")));
 		}
@@ -60,7 +58,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_knock_event_v1_route(
 		.await
 	{
 		info!(
-			origin = body.origin().as_str(),
+			origin = body.identity.as_str(),
 			"Refusing to serve send_knock for room we aren't participating in"
 		);
 		return Err!(Request(NotFound("This server is not participating in that room.")));
@@ -70,7 +68,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_knock_event_v1_route(
 	services
 		.rooms
 		.event_handler
-		.acl_check(body.origin(), &body.room_id)
+		.acl_check(&body.identity, &body.room_id)
 		.await?;
 
 	let room_version = services.rooms.state.get_room_version(&body.room_id).await?;
@@ -133,7 +131,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_knock_event_v1_route(
 		.await?;
 
 	// check if origin server is trying to send for another server
-	if sender.server_name() != body.origin() {
+	if sender.server_name() != body.identity {
 		return Err!(Request(BadJson("Not allowed to knock on behalf of another server/user.")));
 	}
 
diff --git a/src/api/server/send_leave.rs b/src/api/server/send_leave.rs
index 99479f93a..7b1ec9c03 100644
--- a/src/api/server/send_leave.rs
+++ b/src/api/server/send_leave.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_leave_event_v2_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	body: Ruma<create_leave_event::v2::Request>,
 ) -> Result<create_leave_event::v2::Response> {
-	create_leave_event(&services, body.origin(), &body.room_id, &body.pdu).await?;
+	create_leave_event(&services, &body.identity, &body.room_id, &body.pdu).await?;
 
 	Ok(create_leave_event::v2::Response::new())
 }
diff --git a/src/api/server/state.rs b/src/api/server/state.rs
index bc4d32274..709c62fb6 100644
--- a/src/api/server/state.rs
+++ b/src/api/server/state.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_room_state_route(
 ) -> Result<get_room_state::v1::Response> {
 	AccessCheck {
 		services: &services,
-		origin: body.origin(),
+		origin: &body.identity,
 		room_id: &body.room_id,
 		event_id: None,
 	}
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_room_state_route(
 		.await
 	{
 		info!(
-			origin = body.origin().as_str(),
+			origin = body.identity.as_str(),
 			"Refusing to serve state for room we aren't participating in"
 		);
 		return Err!(Request(NotFound("This server is not participating in that room.")));
diff --git a/src/api/server/state_ids.rs b/src/api/server/state_ids.rs
index e2b852a7e..bd7414f7a 100644
--- a/src/api/server/state_ids.rs
+++ b/src/api/server/state_ids.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_room_state_ids_route(
 ) -> Result<get_room_state_ids::v1::Response> {
 	AccessCheck {
 		services: &services,
-		origin: body.origin(),
+		origin: &body.identity,
 		room_id: &body.room_id,
 		event_id: None,
 	}
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_room_state_ids_route(
 		.await
 	{
 		info!(
-			origin = body.origin().as_str(),
+			origin = body.identity.as_str(),
 			"Refusing to serve state for room we aren't participating in"
 		);
 		return Err!(Request(NotFound("This server is not participating in that room.")));
diff --git a/src/api/server/user.rs b/src/api/server/user.rs
index dfcafa708..ca0cf7148 100644
--- a/src/api/server/user.rs
+++ b/src/api/server/user.rs
@@ -60,13 +60,13 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_devices_route(
 
 	let master_key = services
 		.users
-		.get_master_key(None, &body.user_id, &|u| u.server_name() == body.origin())
+		.get_master_key(None, &body.user_id, &|u| u.server_name() == body.identity)
 		.await
 		.ok();
 
 	let self_signing_key = services
 		.users
-		.get_self_signing_key(None, &body.user_id, &|u| u.server_name() == body.origin())
+		.get_self_signing_key(None, &body.user_id, &|u| u.server_name() == body.identity)
 		.await
 		.ok();
 
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_keys_route(
 		&services,
 		None,
 		&body.device_keys,
-		|u| Some(u.server_name()) == body.origin.as_deref(),
+		|u| u.server_name() == body.identity,
 		services.globals.allow_device_name_federation(),
 		Duration::from_secs(0),
 	)
diff --git a/src/service/rooms/alias/mod.rs b/src/service/rooms/alias/mod.rs
index 10fb50185..ea3e09259 100644
--- a/src/service/rooms/alias/mod.rs
+++ b/src/service/rooms/alias/mod.rs
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ impl Service {
 	pub async fn appservice_checks(
 		&self,
 		room_alias: &RoomAliasId,
-		appservice_info: &Option<RegistrationInfo>,
+		appservice_info: Option<&RegistrationInfo>,
 	) -> Result<()> {
 		if !self
 			.services